Arctic area contain is the oil with abundant move, natural gas, mineral with piscatorial resource. Be discovered as resource of increasing arctic underground, arctic already became each country Dou Zaihu to inspect the treasure of Dan Dan. Although north is polar,the terrestrial part of the area has been mixed by Canada, Denmark, Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Sweden, United States Russia 8 countries posses, but the dispute around arctic dominion not only did not appease grow in intensity instead. Empty three armed services of Canadian sea land is in the arctic area of its the eastpart part to launch a series of combination a sham battle, aim to declare the dominion of pair of arctic areas just about. Russia " Pravda of the Youth League " fatidical even, "Because each differentiate in arctic interest,go up existence is serious difference, prospective World War III erupts extremely likely in arctic " ...
" international pioneer gazette " engage by special arrangement contributes Kou Li grinds, Liu Yang of reporter of contented short room, Dong Xiaobin is sent from Beijing, Wengehua although arctic is cold, each are circumjacent in recent years country however internal heat is dye-in-the-wood. 2007 Russia " insert a banner " since the action, each just grow in intensity in arctic contention. At present Canadian by a definite date 23 days " polar bear " year army acts to undertaking, adding premier Harper is to take helicopter to head for arctic area to inspect personally more, the existence that is in this area with acting actually to declare Canada to the outside and domanial right...
On the arctic with icebound a thousand li, showing the hologram that reveals rise from all directions of the smoke of gunpowder between a big country.
"Glacial be in harmony meets "
Arctic, it is to point to north latitude normally 66 degrees 33 minutes of area with north.
Have scientist estimation, 25% what the oil gas resource of the contain below arctic ice sheet occupies whole world gross, and arctic channel is the shortcut that heads for America and Asia from Europe. From the resource of arctic exploitation OK and quick carry goes the world each district. As the whole world calefacient bring about arctic to put a layer on the ice to melt quickly, the natural protective screen that leads to arctic resource is in disintegrate, each look about the country in the eye, it is urgent in the heart, can't restrain should will arctic this " cake " glom on to.
resealable bagsSo, arctic contention, more or less to contain each country against a rainy day property.
In Chinese marine university Guo Peiqing of polar problem expert looks, arctic main body is an ocean that surrounds by territory of sovereign state home, accordingly, arctic problem is marine problem essentially. It may be said of this kind of viewpoint straight from the shoulder, because the Arctic Ocean is circumjacent,the state is thinking how outspread homeland wears 200 sea mile in the mainland of the Arctic Ocean beyond.
Mainland wearing is to show the full nature of terrestrial territory is outspread beyond territorial sea, its limits is less than 200 sea mile since the base line that calculates territorial sea width, expand 200 sea mile; Of more than 200 sea mile, restrict in less than of 350 sea mile. 1994 of become effective " treaty of U.N. ocean law " limit, coastal state is right exclusive economic zone of 200 sea mile (EEZ) is had jurisdictional, the right that the range that stipulated the mainland is worn and coastal state wear exploration of aspirant travel resource and development to wait in the mainland.
On August 2, 2007, russia science inspects fleet to dispatch deep-sea submersible, the Russia ensign that controls one side with titanium alloy is inserted in 4300 meters of deep the Arctic Ocean vast base. Backside of this one act has the deep strategy of Russia, press active regulation, each arctic country besides exclusive economic zone of 200 sea mile, still can wear natural and outspread application according to the mainland larger rights and interests. Be in early 1948, russia scientist discovers in vast base of the Arctic Ocean one is continuous the Hai Ling of husband of all alone of Luo Meng Nuo of 2000 kilometers, those who think it is Siberia mainland is worn is outspread. 2007 Russia this bannerol, the outspread demarcate that wants to wear this mainland namely actually gives an evidence to come.
If next Russia are propped up to obtain relevant rights and interests in this one evidence, left and right sides of half of the Arctic circle will be attributed to Russia under one's name. Absolutely of country of periphery of other the Arctic Ocean cannot accept this. Then from August 2007 the first ten days of a month, each just go out thick and fast action.
New contention war began at this point.
Contend for photograph division to take an examination of
Of Russia this " make public " deep-sea division i the best selling hans wilhelm s taken an examination of caused chain reaction. Division is in Russia is taken an examination of one week later, can dearfoam slippers for women adian premier Harper leads a team to go to what arctic resealable bags best buy spreads out 3 days to make an on-the-spot investigation personally, have this area to make clear, he announces to plan to build deep water port in arctic, the polar area that adding territory builds martial base. And Danish also unwilling to lag behind, also immediately expedites team of division take an examination ofing to arctic, the hope collects evidence to prove Hai Ling of husband of all alone of Luo Meng Nuo is Greenland (Danish place belongs to islands) what the mainland wears is outspread. American is in surprised to the Hunan division inside the Arctic circle on August 17 in those days sea north undertakes division take an examination ofing, express to will study a this section section to bring into the possibility that American mainland wears.
The nervous reaction of country of periphery of the Arctic circle spurred the further action of Russia conversely. See the United States expedited icebreaker to be worn to Alaska mainland to arctic on August 14, 2008 for instance outspread after undertaking mapping, russia decides that month 17 days of northerly and polar areas expedite a large family to study a group, study polar climate change and argumentation are in polar build drift to research the issue such as the station.
Guo earths up clear analysis to think, "The nature that be being worn to prove mainland of the Arctic Ocean is native territory is outspread, coastal state must take out enough geological data, this is the main reason with marine in recent years arctic of arctic each country chasing the deer-fight for the throne.
Old show " muscle "
To assure arctic position, each country returns the martial power that contends for addition to be in arctic area by force, spoken parts in an opera is mutual " beautiful muscle " .
It is in arctic a sham battle with Canada exemple. Although mix,the martial big country such as beautiful, Russia is compared, although these days " polar bear " maneuver dimensions still is shown negligible, but to Canada character already was great progress: 2007 " march of 8000 kilometers arctic " dispatched only 24 soldiers, but after a year " polar bear 08 " army act, canada dispatched battleship two, opportunity for combat two, person of Liu Hai air force many 500, arouse the power of bureau of safe information bureau, border land service enters, and this maneuver dispatched first submarine and new unit of established polar speci dearfoam slipper best buy al type, before comparing a year, can calculate " shotgun changes prepare Chinese medicine by roasting it in a panbig gun " .
More of afford for thought is Canadian premier Harper this year " appear " : He wears bull-puncher to take, the T-shirt, sweater and excurse boots, a pair of bull-puncher dresses up, take rubber a light boat first, ascend frigate " Toronto " date, air arm of then change navy " sea king " helicopter, ascend submarine " cloth collect captures part " date, and be accompanying submergence, god of it may be said enters the sea, painstaking and unusual, " Toronto star signs up for " the comment thinks, this is Harper like an individual likewise in quarter intent " limelight " , " beautiful muscle " Beijing of Russia premier general cries board: You can accomplish, I am explicit also.
Besides indication oneself " Kong Wu is strong " , each country also does not loosen the surveillance of activities of pair of exotic nation military affairs.
A typical case is, american naval " los angeles " class attack nuclear-powered submarine " Annabolisi " date ever broke through 1 meter of thick ice layer to show glacial side at was in area of the Arctic Ocean on March 21 this year. And Russia is monitoring closely the tendercy of this nuclear-powered submarine. Personage of message of Russian department of defense discloses to the outside at that time, "The information that Russia army can receive all sorts of foreign country submarine in time to wear next activities in arctic mainland " .
Actually this is not what secret, the United States and other country also had been adopted to Russia similar dog the action. Canada ever announced this year in Feburary, russia army a bomber adds arctic territorial air because of approaching and be added the army two battleplan intercept. Add the month on the defense minister to still express, add will close attention Russia next year is extremely northerly in April the plan of airborne parachuter.
Vertical,add up to even the horizontal stroke
Of course, each country of periphery of the Arctic Ocean is not singles is fought alone, each country also undertakes ceaselessly " vertical,add up to even the horizontal stroke " rich weichis.
In fact, although cold war is medium,attack the shortcut of the other side, bilateral strife openly and secretly is here old. But after cold war, the problem such as more real energy resources, traffic, marine resource makes arctic confronts each other added new content, those who was head and shoulders above thing phalanx battalion to oppose is simple differentiate.
For instance, canada and Denmark the dominion difference that in the Hans of Greenland the island exists.
Be in early 1984, danish respect ascends an island, insert ensign, buried a bottle of brandy below the banner. At the beginning of 2005, canada stricks back, after adding necromancer arms to ascend an island to insert a banner, buried a bottle of Canada whisky. In former days the two countries soldier of same a group of people of same interest is not drink in warm bar, run to arctic to go instead cellar matchs powers, visible interest is harmonious it is difficult to have many.
The associate of the United States and past west a group of people of same interest is in arctic also is not the difference that does not have an interest. For instance northing on the west problem -- point to to coast of north of Canada of edge of Wei Sihai gorge is worn to go to the United States Canada a channel of the Alaska, this channel lies inside the Arctic circle, major while is in the condition that seal aspic, the reluctance of very short period of time that there is the summer only in a year is OK be open to navigation or air traffic. Because the whole world is calefacient, "Northwest channel " economic value also is shown gradually accordingly.
mountain t shirtsCanada claims for a long time to be opposite " northwest channel " water area has dominion, and the United States insists to think this area belongs to high seas. In August 2007 on conference of head of North America the Three Kingdoms, the cloth assorted that American president assumes when adding premier Harper to ever should be faced puts forward to add just be opposite arctic " northwest channel " dominion requirement.
Nevertheless, russian-American after all be regarded as to be in this one area capable " stronger " heavyweight player. But relative to character, the situation of Russia is more advantageous, develop all sorts of scientific research and martial activity more convenient also. To maintain an interest, russian-American compete not only, also notice to begin collaboration with other country. The analysis thinks, russia is compete with the United States, strive for international support actively, wait for Xiaoguo actively to share an interest with the Norway of requirement arctic rights and interests, general Beijing holds the post of in the president inside approved Russia and Norwegian government to raise sea mainland to wear delimit agreement about Ba Lun, terminative the conflict that two countries is as long as 40 years. And the United States and Canada coordinate footing actively, even American official puts forward to control arctic channel authority to give Canada, both sides shares the interest in arctic. A the clearest collaboration evidence, begin from 2008 namely, the icebreaker of Canada and United States Coast Guard begins to undertake division take an examination ofing to arctic jointly, collect concerned arctic mainland wearing and marine scientific data.
Although Icelandic, Sweden, Finland is as congeneric as Russia, United States, Canada, Norwegian, Denmark the country at annulus the Arctic circle, but do not belong to the Arctic Ocean coastal state. Be in nevertheless this year Feburary, these 3 countries and Denmark, Norway held meeting of mechanism of cooperation of security of military affairs of the Arctic Ocean, this matter is thought north is made an appointment with, the mark that the European Union adds arctic to contend for cavalcade.
Add up to Jie Zhidao
Nevertheless, while contention battle grows in intensity, also appeared to alleviate conflict, explore the tendercy of the way that arctic conflict settles.
Although instigating the Russia of this round of contention, also many scholars think, the competition that each country contends for arctic resource and dominion will give this " Sukhavati " bring tremendous zoology menace, for this each country more need to strengthen cooperation. Russia abandons Nigematulin of academician of academy of sciences of director of institute of ocean of husband of Er carry on, Russia to think, be taken an examination of in arctic division and in dominion delimit, each country will form the concern that competes to cooperate again already. Arctic oil gas natural resources is huge, but any countries develop the area with so giant arctic alone feebly, because this needs each other,cooperate.
In May 2008, denmark of 5 big coastal countries, Russia, United States, Canada and Norwegian delegate are in the Arctic Ocean the Yilulisate of Greenland island to sit a meeting. This is 5 countries hold ministerial class meeting with respect to arctic problem first, the conference was passed " Yilulisate is enunciative " . 5 countries are in " enunciative " in statement, "The system of law of law of nations that we think to not was necessary to build a new extensive sex again will manage the Arctic Ocean. " Guo Peiqing thinks, their this one manner will have main effect to arctic henceforth processing.
Russia: Forestall one's opponent by a show of strength grab anticipate opportunity
Photograph of annulus of annulus of Russia series movement is buckled, martial deploy consolidate step by step, not hesitate possibly even in the moment of truth use extreme methodplant lights
" international pioneer gazette " engage by special arrangement of reporter Liu Yang contributes Kou Li research and development is like from Beijing look down at from headroom arctic, in the country that distributings around the Arctic circle, russia territory area is the largest, as closer also as arctic geographical relation, because this also thinks,oneself have actual strength and reason more from arctic " cake " in share chunk.
Upgrading at present around arctic and attributive contention, the country such as Russia, Canada, Denmark all raises pair of arctic territorial claim to U.N. . And Russia respect expression is most high-key, not only active collect is advantageous and geological evidence, insert ensign in bit arcticcer vast base even, anticipate opportunity is grabbed in be his to contend for battle in this with the gimmick that forestall one's opponent by a show of strength, also make other competition country nervous.
Basis " treaty of U.N. ocean law " , the U.N. orgnaization of executive convention of Ceng Xiangjian superintend and director applied for Russia 2001, the husband of all alone of Luo Meng Nuo that expands native exclusive economic zone to arctic sea mountain water area, but because of " evidence is insufficient " and reject. But Russia did not lose heart, begin arctic division to take an examination of for many times from 2007, active collect bears the witness of native view, to apply for to prepare once more. Also produced the event that Russia division took an examination of personnel to insert a banner in bottom of the Arctic Ocea resealable bags n in August 2007 then.
If get U.N. admits, russia will obtain the rights and interests that nods the trigonometry region that to Russia thing ministry two end make from arctic, gross area amounts to kilometer of 1.2 million square, be equivalent to the summation of Italy, Germany and French area. Russia can acquire the oil gas reserve that is equivalent to fuel of 10 billion tons of standards not only from which, return greatly can outspread exclusive economic zone, acquire the interest of the respect such as fishery, channel.
Russia is very serious to arctic manner, inserting the act such as the banner is by no means brief monoculture show, however photograph of annulus of series movement annulus is buckled. After inserting a banner before long, russia is in subarctic on the islands that an around area is 16 square kilometer about, build rose " arctic 35 " date floating ice stands adrift. Ever since bomber activity also is declaring the Russia influence in arctic continuously.
Russia is in recently arctic more successional skill: On July 12, russia " Sanket " date icebreaker investment is used, general Beijing ascends a boat to look the best selling resealable bags around personally. Russian Department of Transportation expresses, russian shipbuilding industry prepares to begin to build 3 icebreaker again next year. Back-to-back, russia uses nuclear-powered submarine, coastal waters region was added to undertake two RSM-54 in arctic " canoe " the test-fire of intercontinental ballistic missile. "Canoe " capable to carry nuclear warhead to hit American mainland, the information that this transmits the outside is again intense do not pass. On July 28, airborne army commanding officer announces Russia, airborne arms plans Russia to carried out several platform airdrop that carry goods and personnel to act at arctic area in April in next year.
The martial plan with a multidimensional and stereo arctic contention has shown alive person it seems that before. The footing of Russia is clear: Russia can not hesitate in the moment of truth interest of arctic of defend of use extreme method.
Canada: First scale arctic map
Besides strengthen martial deploy this short board, canada still launchs project of large and arctic mapping
" international pioneer gazette " engage by special arrangement contributes contented short room is sent from Wengehua on August 6 - 28 days, canadian v/arc be on the throne the area of specially of exert accept fierce within the Arctic circle, held code name " polar bear 09 " large combination a sham battle, premier Harper arrives at Fuluobishe at 19 days the bay inspected maneuver.
This the key of maneuver is patrol inside the Arctic circle, g most popular selling dearfoam slipper o with drive instead, naval frigate, submarine, the helicopter of naval air arm, and the CF-18 battleplan of air force all entered practice. Join the not only regular army that act, still have Canadian royal ranger and coastal posse, and the unit of arctic special type that just established last year " arctic patrols team of the Ministry of War in feudal China " cooperate with local ranger, the substantial that entered practice -- the Sunday run inside the Arctic circle patrols and field lives maneuver.
plantronic wireless headsetCan see, the share that a few arctic main controversial issue have Canada, regard domanial area half as the big country inside the Arctic circle, arctic cans be imagined to Canadian meaning, however as a result of long-term " be absent from school " , canada appears passive for a time in arctic dominion contention, right " northwest channel " dominion stateme dearfoam slipper sears nt is made public to despise by the United States, ahull is in in wearing dispute with the mainland of Russia, contend for isle of a bullet with Denmark even (Hans island) dominion also a bit does not gain extra advantage unfairly. Because national power is limited, long-term since the ill will that deploy of arctic military affairs always has a much cry and little wool. because of such, in recent years Canada strengthens arctic region military affairs to exist hard all the time.
Besides strengthen martial deploy this short board, canada still launchs project of large and arctic mapping. At present this project is undertaking in, predict to ended 2013. According to this one project, canadian government plan invests 100 million dollar inside 5 years, scale Canada upper the sources of energy and mineral resources map. Now year May, wait for media coverage according to Afp, canada first scale gives a whole world first pieces of arctic and integrated map, for rich exploration will provide clue henceforth.
Canadian Foreign Minister Cannon emphasizes when accepting a visit on June 28, canadian government is confident to the rights and interests that according to U.N. the clause obtains arctic and polar seabed. He alleges at the same time, canada is " arctic superpower " .
To become " regional " " superpower " , canada returns aggrandizement the construction to subarctic territory. When Canadian premier Harper went to this state arctic district to undertake inspecting on August 18, the people of upper to Canada zone gives commitment, will hold water " upper zone Economic Development Board " , headquarters will be set in Canada the upperest province exert Le Wei is special (at the) inside the Arctic circle.
Actually two years ago, be in to strengthen Canada arctic dominion, harper decides contributive push new project of 26 foundations construction and scientific research. Occupy Canada even " round-the-world Post " report, canada begins to begin to edit historical textbook, because button is special, place the person's history is written considerably among them, regard Canada as national origin and one of important history phase, and be in before, this paragraph " nonwhite history " it is long-term by dim with negligence.
The United States: Exploration of division take an examination ofing is rolled out already
Retreat in order to advance and Tibet implement at the arctic strategy that is the exclusive superpower on this world personally
" international pioneer gazette " engage by special arrangement contributes Zhou Xinyu hair is in from Washington of current arctic in contending for, regard the exclusive superpower on the world as the United States, so low-key that let life doubt; Contrary, in arctic and circumjacent each country, russia and Canada became the protagonist of conflict it seems that.
Day of flavour of northward smoke of gunpowder is strong, the United States that major strategy occurs is had in arctic area, however from beginning to end concealed body behind the curtain, appearance is ambiguous. The offensive of swift and fierce that fears in western country Russia is in arctic area generally, expect the United States this " be the first eldest brother " when making known one's position, the United States is constant however exert " too extremely shove a hand " , sedulous even give the impression of weakness.
The what drug that the United States sells in calabash after all? "Stalling tactics " rear, actually accumulate contained the United States' overall strategy to think. During American official says nowadays " without other measure " , so each country freedom makes an on-the-spot investigation, eagerly exploration is current to the United States best condition. Although arctic glacier is melting quickly, but large-scale be open to navigation or air traffic and the foreground that oil gas extracts are not affirmatory, the whole and arctic development of the area still will be in phase of survey of early days science for a long time. If science and technology competes, the United States has absolutely advantage. And the behavior of oath dominion of do sth on a large scale, do not have too much and real significance apparently. The United States looks very clearly: "Now is not 15 centuries " . The country that arctic problem involves is so many, interest dispute is so big, still want to sit to negotiate slowly to most of time each country, collaboration seeks an outlet. And this kind " international mechanism proposes form " , it is expert good fun of the United States more.
Retreat 10 thousand paces to say, although future is arctic competitive out of control, appeared 15 centuries are Portuguese the occasion that Spain divides up big powers of Europe of America, 19 centuries to divide up Africa, the United States also won't be lost active. Arctic country besides Russia, it is American ally completely. At the appointed time the United States can control arctic course majority effectively completely. As to the technology that resource of deep-sea oil gas extracts and investment, almost complete by American company monopoly, although other country obtains oil field dominion, also want to ask American company to come back to extract finally. Anyhow, the United States is in arctic area actual strength the strongest, method is most, completely needless it is this and face of Russia tear down now. Be inferior to intensifying division take an examination ofing and exploration operation then, "Depressed tone gets rich greatly " .
Below such old strategy setting, the United States is shown on the mouth on one hand soft, the belt on the face laughs, take an examination of an activity to was not loosened however in arctic division on one hand. The division that is the United States only takes an examination of mobile both neither to insert ensign, not high-key also declare dominion, use Russia and Canada however high-key appear do " covering " , sheered the focusing of mass media to nod.
Although the United States will be painstakingly below the mask that arctic action Tibet takes an examination of in civil division, the military affairs that its make an appointment with an area in north exists however a bit does not decrease other country. Be in early cold war period, the United States built base of many military affairses in the Alaska, add an U.S. Army to make an appointment with allied country Norway, Icelandic He Dan in its north the many missile of Mai Gelin Lan Dao and radar base, the United States prepared to fall to enclothe arctic military affairs to support a network already actually, can saying is " hide implement at the body, wait for from time to time to move " . In the martial contention of current and arctic area, look Russia and Canadian on the make, imposing manner is threatening, was swung early to be from the back by the United States actually, just try best to catch up now just.
Is China extremely northerly do 4 paces go?
" in dearfoam slippers ternational pioneer gazette " the article opens map of the world, although Chinese distance is arctic situation is distant, but what does arctic mean to China, it is the topic that is worth to discuss and study likewise.
Guo of institute of politics and law of Chinese marine university earths up clear professor to think, the arctic value at the mankind has fourfold -- environment, scientific research, resource and channel. To be not arctic the country is in the China of the Northern Hemisphere personally however, environmental interest is seen everywhere. For example, the main source ground of the cold air that affects climate of our country the four seasons is the whole world one of two big cold sources arctic, get strengthening through Siberia area next and blow to China. Without doubt, arctic profundity affects the air temperature of our country and precipitation, be necessary get to the bottom of its mechanism.
As to scientific research value, multilateral not hesitate in succession gigantic endowment arctic builds the station, fact that launchs division of the Arctic Ocean to take an examination of to had shown an issue.
In globalization times, resource interest surrounds national allocation outwards ceaselessly through industrial chain, the exploitation of oil gas resource, carry outside waiting for link to be opposite of ministry capital enter offerred an opportunity, because this China owns arctic resource interest secondhand at least.
Arctic channel has extraordinary sense likewise to China. Channel of major route Ma Liujia mixes our country foreign trade the Suez Canal, this channel is controlled because of big country and pirate is rampant, safety factor is reduced, shipping cost rises. And traffic capacity of the Suez Canal is already saturated, in recent years clogged up phenomenon is serious, arctic channel is nonexistent the problem of this respect.
Accordingly, can think China owns major interest in arctic area, because be apart from,should not take consequently formerly " outside and indifferent " .
Actually, arctic country pays close attention to Chinese manner very much, the arctic interest that hopes to understand China very much appeals to beg. 2008 " conference of arctic area assemblyman " before holding, the member that in waiting for a country to invite actively, the United States just is sent attends the meeting, this kind of situation is very favorable to our country. Our country can produce effect of main weight used on a balance completely, drive arctic internationalization, guide arctic problem to develop to the direction of reasonable justice.
Current, chinese arctic is participated in degree very low still, attended arctic of arctic board, international only in orgnaization of numerous and arctic international the minority such as scientific committee a few. The research of arctic problem just also starts, see the figure of Chinese scholar rarely on a lot of arctic forum and international conference. Benefit of this both neither knows the policy climate of arctic country at us, also cannot transmit our sound to international society.
If China wants more general affairs of actively intervening arctic, guo earths up clear individual to think, can divide for a few measure: It is to strengthen research above all, establish research group, begin the communication of the research organization with important and polar country and scholar actively at the same time. Next, strengthen the communication with polar state government, there is some of polar state now, if boreal Europe country hopes to cooperate with China very, pass the collaboration of a variety of different kind, administrative levels, chinese idea the input goes in. Again, strengthen the harmony of as polar as important blame country, seek common profit drop, drive polar problem internationalization. The 4th, formulate polar strategy of China, in bringing into polar strategy global strategy. (Article part content comes from Guo Peiqing to be in " 瞭 looks " the article that publishs on the magazine)
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